Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan

The Powhatan (likewise spelled Powatan and Powhaten), is the name of a Virginia Indian[1] clan. It is likewise the name of a ground-breaking gathering of clans which they ruled. It is assessed that there were around 14,000-21,000 of these local Powhatan individuals in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. [2] They were otherwise called Virginia Algonquians, as they communicated in an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan.In the late sixteenth and mid seventeenth hundreds of years, a mamanatowick (vital chief)[3] named Wahunsunacawh made a ground-breaking association by affiliating 30 tributary people groups, whose domain was a lot of eastern Virginia, called Tsenacommacah (â€Å"densely-occupied Land†),[4] Wahunsunacawh came to be referred to by the English as â€Å"Chief Powhatan. † Each of the clans inside this association had its own weroance (boss), yet completely paid tribute to Chief Powhatan. [5] After Chief Powhatan's demise in 161 8, threats with homesteaders heightened under the chiefdom of his sibling, Opechancanough, who looked for futile to drive off the infringing English.His enormous scope assaults in 1622 and 1644 met solid backlashes by the English, bringing about the close to disposal of the clan. By 1646 what is known as the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom by present day students of history had been to a great extent annihilated. Notwithstanding the progressing clashes with the ever-growing English settlements and their occupants, the Powhatan endured a high passing rate because of irresistible infections, diseases introducted to North America by the Europeans to which the Native Americans of the United States had built up no common immunities.By this time, the pioneers of the province were frantic for work to build up the land. Practically 50% of the English and European settlers showed up as obligated hirelings. As pilgrim extension proceeded, the pioneers imported developing quantities of oppressed A fricans for work. By 1700 the provinces had around 6,000 dark slaves, one-twelfth of the populace. It was normal for dark captives to get away and join the encompassing Powhatan; white hirelings were additionally noted to have joined the Indians.Africans and whites worked and lived respectively; a few locals likewise intermarried with them. After Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, the state subjugated Indians for control. In 1691 the House of Burgesses nullified Indian subjection; in any case, numerous Powhatan were held in subjugation well into the eighteenth century. [6] In the 21st century, eight Indian clans are perceived by the state as having attaches with the first Powhatan complex chiefdom. [7] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi are the main two people groups who have held reservation lands from the seventeenth century. 5] The contending societies of the Powhatan and English pilgrims were joined incidentally through the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their child Thomas Rolfe was the precursor of numerous Virginians; along these lines, huge numbers of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian[1] lineage. History [edit] Naming and phrasing The name â€Å"Powhatan† is accepted to have started as the name of the town or town that Wahunsunacawh originated from. The official title Chief Powhatan utilized by the English is accepted to have been gotten from the name of this location.Although the particular situs of his home town is obscure, in present day times, the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End segment of the cutting edge city of Richmond, Virginia is thought by numerous individuals to be in the general region of the first town. Tree Hill Farm, which is arranged in close by Henrico County a short separation toward the east, is likewise considered as the conceivable site. â€Å"Powhatan† was additionally the name utilized by the locals to allude to the stream where the town sat at the head of route. The English pio neers decided to name it rather for their own pioneer, King James I.Many includes in the early long periods of the Virginia Colony were named to pay tribute to the ruler, just as his three youngsters, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles. Despite the fact that bits of Virginia's longest waterway upstream from Columbia were a lot later named for Queen Anne of Great Britain, in current occasions, it is known as the James River. It reaches out from Hampton Roads westerly to the conjunction of the Jackson River and Cowpasture River close to the town of Clifton Forge. (The Rivanna River, a tributary of the James River, and Fluvanna County, each make due as named in heritage to Queen Anne).However, the main water body in Virginia to hold a name which respects the Powhatan people groups is Powhatan Creek, situated in James City County close Williamsburg. Powhatan County and its province seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names set up years after the fact, in areas west of the region popula ted by the Powhatan people groups. The area was framed in may, 1777. [edit] Complex chiefdom Likewise, maybe progressively critical misnomers are the terms â€Å"Powhatan Confederacy† and â€Å"Powhatan Confederation. This gathering of clans is unmistakably not best-characterized in present day terms as an alliance. That word is by and large idea of as a gathering of substances each with more prominent individual force than the gathering when joined together. In numerous utilizations, an alliance is unmistakably extraordinary in structure from a concentrated more noteworthy force than the parts, for example, the current government structure of the United States. Numerous history specialists ascribe to a minor level the disappointment of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War to some extent to the shortcoming of the focal government in contrast with the Union. It is significant for a peruser to take note of that most students of history don't consider this distinction as one of the significant shortcomings prompting the Southern misfortune. Be that as it may, the term Confederacy has become related with the head of states' privileges versus the focal U. S. government). Utilizing the word â€Å"confederacy† to characterize the Powhatan clans surviving in 1607 can in this manner, be deceiving when looking to comprehend these individuals, their legislatures and their way of life. The facts demonstrate that the different clans each held some individual forces locally.Each had a boss known as a weroance (male) or, all the more once in a while, a weroansqua (female), which means â€Å"commander,† [8]. Starting at 2010, we don't know how much the vast majority of the different clans had a place with the gathering by decision or maybe by intimidation or considerably more prominent power. As ahead of schedule as the time of John Smith of Virginia, the individual clans of this gathering were unmistakably perceived by the Eng lish as falling under the more prominent authority of the brought together force (whatever it is named) driven by the chiefdom of Chief Powhatan (c. June 17, 1545 †c. 1618), whose appropriate name was Wahunsenacawh or (in seventeenth century English spelling) Wahunsunacock. 9]. At the hour of the 1607 English Settlement at Jamestown, he controlled basically from Werowocomoco, which was situated on northern shore of the York River. This area of Werowocomoco, itself just rediscovered in the mid 21st century, was exceptionally vital to areas of the different clans. The upgrades found during archeological examination at Werowocomoco have strengthened the vital chiefdom of Chief Powhatan over different clans in the force chain of command. Such issues in different societies and the definitions are secured at some length by creator Robert L.Carneiro in his 1981 work on human studies, The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. The focal point of intensity held by Chief Powhatan (and his few replacements) is significantly more compactly characterized as a â€Å"complex chiefdom. † [10] To allude to this intricate chiefdom, the term â€Å"Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom† has gotten supported. After some time, this and different corrections to the information and data accessible about the Powhatan people groups local to Virginia will without a doubt be made as exploration work at Werowocomoco and somewhere else proceeds in the 21st century. See additionally: Werowocomoco edit] Chief Powhatan assembles his chiefdom Wahunsunacawh had acquired power over only six clans, however commanded more than thirty when the English pioneers built up their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. The first six constituent clans in Wahunsunacock's gathering were: the Powhatan (legitimate), the Arrohateck, the Appamattuck, the Pamunkey, the Mattaponi, and the Chiskiack. He added the Kecoughtan to his overlap by 1598. Some other associa ted bunches incorporated the Youghtanund, Rappahannocks, Moraughtacund, Weyanoak, Paspahegh, Quiyoughcohannock, Warraskoyack, and Nansemond.Yet another firmly related clan amidst these others, all communicating in a similar language, was the Chickahominy, who figured out how to protect their self-rule from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. In his well known work Notes on the State of Virginia (1781â€82), Thomas Jefferson evaluated that the Powhatan Confederacy involved around 8,000 square miles (20,000 km2) of region, with a populace of around 8,000 individuals, of whom 2400 were warriors. [11] Later researchers evaluated the number of inhabitants in the paramountcy[clarification needed] as 15,000. [edit] The English pioneers in the place where there is the Powhatan John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner', a whimsical picture of Opechancanough from Smith's General History of Virginia (1624). The picture of Opechancanough depends on a 1585 artwork of another local warrior by John White[1] The Powhatan Confederacy were the Indians among whom the English made their first lasting settlement in North America. This added to their destruction. Clashes started promptly; the English settlers discharged shots when they showed up (because of a terrible encounter they had with the Spanish preceding their appearance). Inside about fourteen days of the English appearance atJamestown, passings had happened. The pilgrims had sought after cordial relations and had intended to exchange with the Virginia Indians for food. Skipper Christopher Newport drove the principal English investigation party up the James River in 1607, when he met Parahunt, weroance of the Powhatan appropriate. The English at first mixed up him

Lasting Effects of the European Renaissance How the Traditions Continue in Modern American Societ Essay Example

Enduring Effects of the European Renaissance: How the Traditions Continue in Modern American Societ Essay The European Renaissance, dating from the fifteenth through the seventeenth century, was a period of resonating changes in legislative issues, workmanship, science, religion, and comprehension of humankind. The specialists and extraordinary masterminds of this period, looked to reflect authenticity and logicâ through their works. From this timespan, thoughts have prospered which despite everything impact the very structures of American culture today. The inactive impact of the European Renaissance can at present be found in the proceeding with conventions found in cutting edge workmanship, financial aspects, governmental issues, and education.It is normally accepted that the Renaissance period started in the autonomous state republics of Italy and spread through the remainder of Europe. With their tendency toward semi equitable political frameworks and an essential financial framework which would later be viewed as the coming of private enterprise, the thoughts that conveyed toward the North, South, East, and West from urban communities, for example, Florence immensy affected not just the social and social customs of Europe yet in addition the political and monetary. With destruction of the populace, because of the spread of the dark plague all through Europe, the customary thoughts and frameworks would tossed into a change. The financial structure was intensely stressed by a misfortune in populace and subsequently request. Without an open to whom they could sell their products, craftsmans and ranchers suffered.The changes and hardship created by the plague took into consideration an opening for new plans to prosper. The white collar class started to be found in the significant urban communities of Europe, energizing the once-injured economy. This new social structure has proceeded through the ages, similarly as the private enterprise that underpins it has additionally thrived. In spite of the fact that the classification has all the more as of late been outl ined to bring down white collar class, upper-working class, and essentially white collar class, the point of reference of financial detachments past upper and lower class was built up and is presently an instilled piece of American life. Not exclusively is there still a clear class framework, with a particular division between the rich and poor however as noted above in the order of various sorts of working class, it has likewise become a piece of the way of life. How frequently is a character in a film called â€Å"working class† or â€Å"blue collar†? Could specify be made in the news on any monetary point without reference to a â€Å"middle† â€Å"lower† or â€Å"upper class†? Financially, America stays as separated as Renaissance-time Europe.The beginnings of present day exchange and investigation were seen with the approach of new navigational toolsâ and a superior comprehension of stargazing and science. With new exchange courses built up, Europe found in inundation of outside products, for example, flavors and a spike in exchange between the nations. This antecedent to facilitated commerce, assisted with improving and manufacture the economies. In Florence, the financial frameworks assisted with keeping up and control the development of riches working notâ dissimilar to the cutting edge banking arrangement of investment funds and advance. The U.S.’s current financial framework, put together all things considered with respect to free venture and exchange couldn't have developed into it’s current manifest without these early turns of events. Much like today, exchange was managed by request and new innovation. The approach of the print machine made the printed word progressively open to the majority and expanded investigation took into consideration more extensive exchange abilities. This spread of information can be compared to Internet in it’s capacity to unite the masses and help with the sprea d of new thoughts. Generally prominent for the Renaissance is the spread of humanism which we can in any case find in the human intrigue side of reporting or even the later interest of the American open with unscripted tv. The Renaissance thought of authenticity is taken to a last extraordinary in the organized authenticity of such shows as Survivor and Big Brother. Authenticity has developed to turn into an oddity as much as a workmanship form.Owing to the awfulness of the plague, individuals started to ponder their own mortality and to think past the congregation upheld reasoning of living for the great beyond. Europeans encountered a push for change of the congregation as such figures as Martin Luther and John Calvin. Calvin’s brand of Protestantism wound up imported to America with the pilgrims in New England. The rigid conventions on which the U.S. was established, legitimately came about because of the former changes in Europe coming about because of the Protestant Refo rmation and the developing strict abuse. There are as yet rings of this convention inside American culture, where principal goals despite everything command open governmental issues on subjects going from social approaches including homosexuality and oversight to instruction. In spite of the fact that no longer as cutting as it once might have been, the American government despite everything practices command over TV and radio substance through the FCC and mainstream researchers felt the limitations of strict impact in the prohibition on undifferentiated organism explore ordered by previous president George W. Bush.The impacts of the European Renaissance can't be downplayed in the job it played on the eventual fate of training and through this the fate of the mainland and the Americas. Antiquated Greek and Roman way of thinking and political idea went to the bleeding edge as works which had for quite some time been lost to Western culture were again presented. Among these thoughts w as the possibility of training for all; whereby during the Middle Ages just the privileged and sovereignty were aware of instruction, these old-new standards alongside the recently noted creation of the print machine, spread proficiency all through Europe and alongside it new thoughts. These new thoughts help discovered developments, and a development of new methods of reasoning. New thoughts of majority rules system and a force away from the monarchal conventions of numerous European nations arrived at a peak with the migration of the primary pioneers to theâ Americas and the inevitable foundation of the United States.Art is most normally connected with the Renaissance time frame in light of current circumstances. Artworks and figures started to mirror the human structure in a progressively normal and practical state; while the subjects were to a great extent strict the advancements of structure and light, differentiate all assisted with adding to the creative conventions of the Renaissance. These equivalent standards can be seen in contemporary artâ as well as photography, visual communication, engineering and cinematography. The pictures we see every day when strolling down the road or watching plugs on TV was formed by these essential principles.The new thoughts of the European Renaissance developed to turn into the beliefs which have molded American culture and thought. The developments in science, craftsmanship, legislative issues, religion and instruction have all kept on developing from their unique goals built up by Renaissance scholars and craftsmen. The very statutes on which American culture was established and keeps on developing, to be specific that of vote based system and free enterprise, started with the adjustments in Europe during the fifteenth century. That these ideas keep on being modernized with the most up to date advancements is a demonstration of the creative idea of that society and our own.ReferencesBrotton, J. (2006). The Renai ssance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: Cambridge.

Supplemental material

Supplemental material Im often asked about supplemental material. None of the below is required or even expected. In general, you should not send supplemental material unless the application did not sufficiently show who you are. I hope this is helpful and answers lots of questions Music. If you play music and would like to be a part of the music community at MIT, you may send in a CD recording of you performing (cassette tapes are also acceptable). CDs will be forwarded on to the music department for evaluation. Your musical talents are something unique that you bring to this process and your talents can be considered with your other talents in your application. Send this via US Mail to MIT Admissions; be sure your full name and date of birth are included. You do not need to be a music major for this to be considered, and students do not need to audition to take music classes or be a music major. Art. If you are an artist and would like to participate in the arts community at MIT, you may send in slides of your work. Files on CD/DVD, such as Powerpoint or JPEGs, are preferred, though real slides in plastic sheets are also fine. Slides will be evaluated by members of the MIT art community. Your artistic talents are something unique that you bring to this process and your talents can be considered with your other talents in your application. Send this via US Mail to MIT Admissions; be sure your full name and date of birth are included. You do not need to be an art or media major for this to be considered, and there is no portfolio review to take art classes or be a part of the art program. Athletics. If you are an athlete and would like to participate in one of MITs 41 varsity sports teams, please be directly in touch with the coach of your sport, and/or fill out this form. Your talents will be evaluated by MITs coaches. Your athletic talents are something unique that you bring to this process and your talents can be considered with your other talents in your application. You do not need to be recruited to join an MIT sport. Extra recommendations. If you feel an extra recommendation would show an important additional side of you not already covered, you may send in an additional letter of recommendation. This in general would not need to be on an MIT recommendation form from the application; a separate sheet of paper is most common. In general, third recommendations from a teachers do not provide much additional insight; the most helpful supplemental recommendations come from people who know you well outside the classroom. Some helpful extra recommendations Ive seen have come from research mentors, youth group leaders, coaches, and bosses. If you decide a third recommendation is necessary, have your recommender send this via US Mail to MIT Admissions, and be sure your full name and date of birth are included. Research papers. I think research papers are best talked about in the completely optional essay or in an extra recommendation from your research mentor. It is unlikely that if you submit a complete research paper that we will be able to have it properly evaluated during our process. Well be most interested in your research experience: how you got interested in the field, how you acquired your research opportunity, your results, what you learned, how this experience influences your future plans, etc. Resumes / brag sheets. We will use your application Part II as the resume of record. Sometimes, an addendum that explains your activities/accomplishments can be useful, particularly if it is an usual pursuit or it requires further explanation than what you can fit in the formal application. However, long lists of activities and awards are most often not useful. These extra sheets are most useful in providing depth, not breadth. Most applications I read do not include any of these extra materials; they are neither required nor expected. In some cases, one or two of these extras can help you in providing us with greater insight into who you are. Also, please note that we do not lower the bar for musicians, artists, or athletes; while these are talents that some students bring to the admissions process, all students must be independently qualified to be admitted to MIT. In other news, Seth Cohen (?) is lecturing today at MIT. No kidding.

Woodrow Wilson vs the Senate Essay - 1878 Words

woodrow wilson vs the senate â€Å"The Only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing† They say time is a great teacher. How true. History has taught us that peace must be kept at all costs. At the end of World War 1, the common goal between the victorious nations throughout the world was to declare peace. The leading statesmen of these triumphant nations met in Paris to draw up the Treaty of Versailles, which would decide the fate of the central powers. Woodrow Wilson, the American President, created fourteen points as the basis for peace negotiations. Among these fourteen points was the most controversial and yet the most important to President Wilson, the League of Nations. President Wilson developed its†¦show more content†¦Wilson made many mistakes that the senate would use against him. When Wilson left for Europe on board the â€Å"George Washington† , he brought with him a peace commission. This peace commission consisted of Colonel House, Robert Lansing, General Tasker H. Bliss, and only one Republican, Henry D. White. The Republicans resented Wilson for only bringing one member of their party to represent them. However, Wilson had a â€Å"distrust of coalitions in politics.† The Republicans also felt that White â€Å"was not the representative which the Republican Party would themselves had chosen.† Wilson felt that by limiting his opposition in Europe he would have a better chance of attaining peace. However, this choice was the beginning of the opposition Wilson faced from his own country during the peace talks. Wilson believed he had the support of his own people when he left for Europe. Ironically, Wilson also believed that, â€Å"The men, whom we are about to deal with, do not represent their own people.† Yet, it was Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, who had just finished an election that would send him to Paris with a very popular mandate. Georges Clemenceau, the leader of France, had also just finished an election in which he won a vote of confidence four to one. However, in November, in the midterm elections, it was shown to the world that America did not support their leader. The election in 1918 resulted in a clear Republican majority for the Senate andShow MoreRelatedThe United States Vs. The Treaty Of Versailles960 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The United States vs. the Treaty of Versailles† The Treaty of Versailles was a peace settlement between Germany and the Allied Powers signed on June 28, 1919. The Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War 1. However, since the conditions in the treaty were so punitive towards Germany many believe that it was also partly responsible for starting World War 2. Before the treaty was signed President Woodrow Wilson and his opponent in congress, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge debated over the membershipRead MoreWhat are Political Maps?703 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the government. 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False Imprisonment Without Legal Justification - 903 Words

I. Can Steven Bender demonstrate that Stan and Linda Kremer (â€Å"Kremers†) are liable for false imprisonment when they sent him to the downstairs basement with no access to phone service and would not allow his friends to come on to their property? False imprisonment occurs when there is confinement without legal justification. The elements of false imprisonment are the restraint of the plaintiff against his or her will and the unlawfulness of the restraint. When looking at restraint against his/her will the courts will look at whether the restraint was a total restraint of liberty with no opportunity to leave. Walker v. Hanke, 992 S.W.2d 925, 935 (Mo. Ct. App. 1999). This analysis will focus on whether Bender was restrained against his will. A. Was Steven Bender restrained against his will when the Kremers ordered him to go downstairs to the room he stayed in at their house without the opportunity to call his friends or have the friends come over to help him move out? Courts hold that restraint occurs with the total restraint of liberty and no opportunity to leave. Id. In Walker, the court held that there was no confinement because there was no total restraint of the plaintiff’s liberty. Id. at 936. The court found that the Hankes had built a fence around their yard at Mr. Walker s request. Id. at 935. After the parties had a falling out about some settlement money, the Hankes placed chains and a lock on the fence to keep Walker’s lawyer out. Id. When Walker let theShow MoreRelatedDescription Of An Assault Was Defined By Goff Lj Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesSCENARIO 1: TRESPASS TO PERSON According to In Brief helping with life’s legal issues, â€Å"trespass to the person is an element of tort law which covers wrongs done to an individual. [And] can exist even if the victim suffers no physical harm†¦There are three main wrongs which fall under the umbrella of trespass to the person: assault, battery and false imprisonment. 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In fact if physical contact does occur, this tort is no longer considered an assault, it becomes a battery. Battery is defined as â€Å"an intentional and offensive touching of another without lawful justification† according to Black’s Law Dictionary. The three main elements that identify battery are: â€Å"unconsented physical contact, offensive or harmful contact, and the tortfeasor’s intent to touch another person in an offensive or injurious mannerRead MoreSherman Vrs Light1298 Words   |  6 Pagessuffered Intentional affliction of emotional distress, but he had 6 months to get out and go to his parents especially when, he was exchanging mails to and from his parents. It could be argued that, although he was living there under the pretext of false imprisonment, he could have run or ask for help. II. Will Rob Sr. and Bunny be able to succeed in their causes of action? What are the defenses that the church may raise in defense to the parents causes of action? 1) Yes, Rob Sr. and Bunny Sherman willRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Nursing1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement also has some legal implications. If autonomy and consent are violated in healthcare systems, it is often superseded by the tort laws (Marin, 2015). The tort laws applicable in this pathways are assault, battery, and false imprisonment; and these falls under the intentional torts. Assault is an attempt or threat to touch another person without their consent or without any justification (Berman et al., 2014). The doctor declared his wish to administer the medication without the patient’s consentRead MoreMr. Walker s Case For False Imprisonment, Assault And Malicious Prosecution1050 Words   |  5 Pages After an incident took place on the 12 of July 2008, Mr Walker claimed damages for false imprisonment, assault and malicious prosecution. This claim arose after an incident which occurred that involved the police officers being responsive to a complaint that was made by the appellant’s partner, Ms Cadice Lecky. At the arrival of the scene, Mr Alexandra Walker was alleged that he has punched his partner and he was also verbally abusive. One of the police officers at the scene PC Adams consideredRead MorePolice Enforcement And The Police1483 Words   |  6 Pagesway they have. There are different types of police brutality. What starts out as a simple altercation turns into a real sticky situation because police do not know when they have gone too far when it comes to force. Excessive force, false arrestment or imprisonment, malicious prosecution, unreasonable search, and rights of pre-trail detainees are all different types of police brutality. Police are supposed to use force when they are trying to restrain an individual who is physically restricting

Helmet Laws Free Essays

Every year there are 38. 8 deaths per year and overall deaths of riders under 21 almost tripled due to motorcycle accidents, according to, The Insurance Industry Study in The Motorcycle Helmet Law a no-brainer — to both sides By Barry Millman, Staff Writer (Sun Herald / Venice, FL). Due to this statistic I think that there’s a big dilemma which has an obvious answer to it, people in many states are opposing the law that enforces motorcyclists to wear helmets they think it should be a choice but in reality what’s more important. We will write a custom essay sample on Helmet Laws or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your safety or a choice, I think the helmet law should be enforced in every state it could be the one thing that saves you in a time that you really might need it. The no helmet law for motorcyclist is like a death sentence to those riding on these heavy dangerous machinery’s. Most people think that it is okay to cruise down the highway with a lot of other cars around them. Whether or not the motorcyclist’s riding without helmets takes precautions while on the road you never know what can happen on the road. The cars on the road around you that are thousands of pounds can instantly kill you especially if you’re on a motorcycle with no helmet. One day you could be riding behind a car on the highway and the car all of the sudden the car in front gets in a wreck and flips and smashes the motorcyclist. And the next day you end up in a hospital unconscious or worse; dead. Another reason why the motorcycle helmet law should be required; is for head injuries. Most motorcyclist that end up in an accident and were wearing a helmet, are most likely too get a dangerous head injury including traumatic brain injury, which is the leading cause of death and disability in motorcycle accidents. Brain injuries can result in memory loss, loss of coordination, seizures, and inability to continue any hobbies, and or continue working. According too the article Motorcycle Accidents Relating to Brain Injuries by: Peter Kent, â€Å"Motorcyclists, even those who wear helmets, are most likely to sustain non-penetrative injuries to the front of the head, damaging parts of the brain responsible for speech and higher functions. Those without helmets may also be susceptible to a penetrating brain injury, in which an object enters the head and skull, damaging the soft tissue of the brain itself. Helmets Essential to Prevent Traumatic Brain Injury† So see the reasons are there it up to you weather or not you want to take the responsibility and wear a helmet on the road. Another important reason why I think the helmet law should be enforced is because the people who are most likely to wear a helmet in a state that doesn’t require one is someone older and or with a little bit more common sense. By that I mean most young adults 18-30 will not wear a helmet if its not required. Some reasons for this might be that it doesn’t look cool or its uncomfortable, and they want to be able too feel free and be able to feel they’re face and hair. The reason I think this is so important is because if a rider were to get in an accident and be of 21 years of age and get a traumatic brain injury his life is over before its even started in most cases. When I was just the age of 12 I witnessed my father get into a really dangerous accident on the track. He races on his motorcycle on occasion for fun because its something he’s done almost all his life. He was wearing a helmet and he broke both hands had to have metal plates put in and surgery twice on the same hand. His helmet was crushed a little bit and the doctor told him that if he were not wearing a helmet he would probably not be here today. So that is why I think the helmet law should be enforced in every state because, no matter how many precautions you take on the road you never know what can happen. How to cite Helmet Laws, Essay examples

Teenage wasteland free essay sample

Introduction What causes Donny to feel the need to rebel from his family? The story â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† written by Ann Tyler revolves around an over protective mother and her rebellious son. Donny’s rebellious attitude is caused by three factors. The first factor is Donny’s mother is very strict. For example, Donny’s mother shows how strict she is by implementing rules such as, no TV on school nights, and no talking on the phone till he finishes his homework. As shown in the text on page 189 paragraph 3. Another example, Daisy would sit next to Donny everyday checking his assignments and the quality of work he put into them as is supported from the text in paragraph 4 page 189. Also Donny was forced to attend psychologist appointments to correct his behavioral issues as set forth by his mother. Which is supported by the evidence on page 189 paragraph 9. Overall a strong factor in Donny’s rebellious attitude stems from the fact that his mother is overbearing and Donny feels that he has no freedom, therefore Donny feels pressure and continues to act out. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage wasteland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second factor in Donny’s rebellious attitude is the freedom he receives with having Cal as his tutor. For example, on page 191 paragraph 48 Donny uses the tutor as a crutch to get him out of trouble because he was talking I class instead of listening. Donny continuously takes advantage of the fact that Cal is his tutor for example, he goes to a rock concert with him which his mother would have never aloud before he had his tutor. As supported by the text on page 192 paragraph 56. The final Factor that Donny used Cal to his advantage when his rebellious behavior got him kicked out of school. Donny was caught with a locker full of beer and used Cal in the sense to defend his word to his mother that he was not at fault. I found the support for this evidence on page 194 paragraph 94. In conclusion uses the factor (Cal) as his crutch to hide behind the actions that his mother would not approve of. Three factor cause Donny’s attitude towards rebellion. A very strong factor out these 3 that led to Donny’s rebellious behavior was when he gained the freedom that he had with Cal. Since then Donny had more freedom then he did beforehand, as a result Donny seized the opportunity to rebel even more. Overall Donny’s mother kept trying to fix her sons attitude problem, but the more she tried the worse it got. Teenage Wasteland free essay sample Many mothers make mistakes with their first child. They may not give them enough attention, or they may give them too much attention. In the two short stories â€Å"I stand Here Ironing† by Tillie Olsen and â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† by Anne Tyler, both of the mothers reflect back on the struggle they had raising their first child. They talk about how they handled situations and what they would change if they could do it over. Both â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† and â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† depict a mother struggling with guilt, thereby showing the difficulties involved in raising children. Lastly, both stories depict mothers struggling with guilt over past decisions made concerning their first child. In â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† the mother regrets that she didn’t have the knowledge then, that she does now. She shows this when she says â€Å"My wisdom came too late† (Olsen 813). The mother feels that she did better raising her other children, and only made mistakes concerning her first child. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Wasteland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When she looks at her daughter’s life she finds herself wishing she could have done more for her. Just like in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† by Olsen, â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† by Tyler also depicts a mother struggling with guilt over decisions she made while raising her son. The author shows the mothers helplessness by saying â€Å"Had she really done all she could have? † (Tyler 1170). The mother felt helpless in the problems with her son, and feels guilty for not trying to do more. She also wonders if she had really done all that she could have to help her son or if she pushed him too much. Both mothers struggled with guilt and the consequences of their decisions concerning their first child. There are many difficulties that arise while raising children; these short stories are about two mothers that both struggled with the guilt of their decisions involving their first child. The majority of new mothers make mistakes with their children that they later regret. It’s all part of learning the best way to do things and finding the way through unfamiliar territory.

America in the 20th Century essays

America in the 20th Century essays The Spanish-American War led America into the modern era. When President Teddy Roosevelt left the White House to lead the charge on San Juan Hill, it was a dramatic moment. The Spanish American War victory gave America possession of Cuba, the Philippines, Panama and the Virgin Islands. Once in control of Panama, the Americans began to build their canal. It took about ten years to build, but it was worth it because they got much money from the canal traffic. After Woodrow Wilson became President, war broke out in Europe. They called it World War I at the time. America immediately joined in and helped the Allies defeat the Axis powers. The incredible economic benefits of the war effort led America into the Roaring 20s. President Calvin Coolidge presided over a decade of peace in America. He was defeated in 1928 by Republican Herbert Hoover, who immediately ended the prosperity and caused the Great Depression. The Stock Market Crash of 1928 was a very sad event which led to the closing of all stocks and banks. Americans knew it was time to elect a bold leader. Franklin David Roosevelt, or FDR, was America's savior. Elected in 1933, Roosevelt quickly institued various reforms to help stimulate the sagging economy. For example, he made Social Security that helped old people get money after they retired. He also instituted IRS, or Internal Revenue Service. What really stimulated the economy, ironically, was World War II. At first we didn't want to join the war, but Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in 1942 so we had very little choice. FDR called it "a day which will live in infomy." With General Dwight D. Eisenhower in command of the allied Forces, we were able to launch a surprise on D-Day, which was so named because of Eisenhower's initials. Swiftly winning the war, Americans entered the 50s. The 50s were an era of Rock n Roll. Elvis Pressly, a famous rock star, became popular among teenage girls. There was great p...

Images of darkness essays

Images of darkness essays Araby, Sonny's Blues and The Secret Sharer, Dark images exist in our life in a Fabulous way. We see dark images in everywhere we exist. Moreover, sometimes we got their meanings and sometimes not. Actually, images of darkness reflects our actual life and feelings. For that reason, some authors got their inspirations from dark images to reflect their feelings, attitudes toward their nature of existence. Furthermore, in Araby, Sonny's Blues and The Secret Sharer, images of darkness demonstrate the nature of existence in a chaos and unknown world. First, Joyce uses images of darkness in Araby to reveal the setting ,internal mood of the characters and theme. First, the setting is full of dark images to inform readers of the story. The settings where the story takes place are gloomy and cold. Moreover, darkness reveals condition and surrounding area around characters. This is illustrated by the use of dark images such as ; "" Dark dripping garden"" through the dark muddy lanes behind the house". Furthermore , darkness reflects melancholy and obstacles in the society where the boy lives. For example, the boy states " I looked over at the dark house where she lived" " gloomy rooms liberated me" .Besides, the bazaar at the end of the story is presented by images of darkness such as;" Part of the hall was in darkness" and the " dark entrance". Moreover, Joyce uses dark images to support the theme of isolation and lack of knowledge in the story. For instance, through " gazing up into the darkness " the boy states that he saw himself as" a creature driven and derided by vanity". These images are employed to show the boy is growing up and lack of knowledge about the obstacles in life. In addition, images of darkness is revealed the character's mind and mood in the story. For example, darkness reveals boy's reality as a boy who sees only the external images around him. Besides, t ...

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and Contrast - Essay Example I am also one of those people who have changed over the course of years. When I look back at my past when I was young, I see that my life has forced me to convert into someone new- someone whom I did not know at all. Today, this is an entirely new ‘me’. And to be honest, this new ‘me’ has enabled me to face the troubles of my life. In this paper, I intend to compare and contrast the person which I was when I was younger to the person which I am today. When I was a child, I lacked confidence. I hated showing up to groups of people and I was not social. I wanted to participate in speech contests and debates, and I wanted to sing. But I could not because I did not have that courage to go up to the stage and confront the whole audience. I was afraid of not being able to do things correctly. I was the most capable and most studious student in my class but my teachers never preferred me to be nominated as a monitor or a prefect of the class. Everybody knew that I lacked guts. And I hated that. Now, let’s skip some years and take a look at me today. Yesterday, I hosted a game show that was held in my community. People applauded and praised that I led the show very well. I can bet that if my school friends were there to see me hosting the show, they would have fainted. Today, I am the most courageous person in my neighborhood and people come to me for advice and suggestions. People want to be friends with me. People think of me as an outspoken individual who know how to put his thoughts to words. Today, I can argue well. I can fight, and I am the same person who had fled away from the place many years back when a school friend glared at me with anger. I myself wonder at this transformation. But if I quote the incidents that happened in the years that I have skipped in this narration, then the reader will not be astonished. My life has been my greatest teacher and I thank it for teaching me some of the most necessary lessons of existence . When I was younger, I liked to hide my feelings. I was an introvert. I had great difficulty expressing my emotions. I could not tell a person what I felt about him. I never told my parents that I loved them for all they did to bring me up. I was shy. I was timid. I did not have the courage to ask my dad for something I direly needed. I did not have the guts to tell my friends that I had an idea of going out for a movie with them. I always nodded positively to what they said, without arguing. I had no opinions of my own. I was a yes-boss kind of a person. This attitude of mine inflicted great harms to me. Let’s skip the ‘teacher years’ again and look at me now. Some days back, I sent bunches of flowers to my mom to tell her that I loved her. It was me who had arranged that game show which I talked about earlier. The manager had liked the idea when I proposed to arrange a game show. He knew that I was confident enough to host it. Two days back, I got into an argu ment with a friend and finally convinced him to what I was saying. And I am not astonished, reader. This is what my life has taught me. This is what my life has turned me into. Life has not been a bed of roses but the lesson it has taught me, I bet, is better than a bed of roses. I have not told the reader what I experienced during the years I have skipped in this narration because that would not be interesting for the reader. However, I want to state that I have extracted the best out of every experience in the form of lessons and

Environmental Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Systems - Essay Example as the key determinants of economic growth and thus have a direct though complex effect on how the other natural resources such as water, forests, pasture and biodiversity have been made use of from time to time. In spite of the negative general relation that is present between poverty and the environment, the focus for the better part has remained on the current development policy whilst keeping in mind peoples strengths. Even though natural resources and access to the land have remained as a main source of rural income, the two need to be seen in the wider scheme of things. The positive effects of diversification have been seen as being on the higher side as compared to the negative ones. The same have included the reduction of risk as well as vulnerability through spreading assets, in essence a generalized and elaborate use of family and household labor, cash generation for the purpose of investment in human and physical capital and in improvement of the environment due to minimal pressure courtesy the natural resources. Primary Gross and Net Productivity is mapped with the additive approach in an area that is marked with intensively managed agricultural land especially in the Midwest United States. To produce the required land cover map, a Landsat ETMz image dating from 29 July 1999 was acquired from the MODIS Land Team. Therefore, care was taken to locate the positional accuracy of the image and the same was measured by direct comparison with USGS digital orthophoto quadrangles concerned with the study area. Moving further ahead, land cover mapping was performed in such a manner that used unsupervised clustering of the six ETMz reflectance bands. After the same had taken place, clusters were assigned to five different classes which included water, urban and built, barren and sparsely vegetated, corn and last but not the least, soybean. This was performed with reference to the DOQs, air photographs, interpreter knowledge as well as the spectral

The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay

The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay First step of this development proposal is to study about the e-commerce system, and gain knowledge about portal and how they maintain them in real life. After study about current system and theories the student going to discuss and find out the aims and objectives of the system. Finally, the student has conducted literature search to find out the correct tools techniques and skills, in order to come up with expected system. Introduction This is the research report of online student portal. Which has to be design in order to accomplish the aim of this project. As we are in the hectic and busy world, the information technologies play a lot in every aspects of human life cycle. So in this project the user mainly going to be the student community who can benefit from the final product. The main reason behind this production is to make students life easy by creating such a product call online student portal. in order to get or in other word in order to fulfil their needs in one place, the Students need to get registered with the site to have access, once they get the membership they can have the benefit of the site. The benefits are the features of the website .the user can have access to News and updates, Quarries and solutions, buy and sell and ect. The student has studied about the current portals and conducted the user survey to find out the requirements and to do the requirement analysis. in order to find out about the technologies, tools and skills the student has done the literature search, and the evidence has been shown. Finally the student has start to do further investigations on implementing a payment system in the final stage of its development. As this is a academic project, the limitation on implementing a check out system like PayPal or google, going to cost some money. Problem of statement Aim To make students life style easy by giving the updates and changes in the field, give a chance to sell or buy study materials and tools and post their queries to get solutions from experts. Objectives Research objectives Study about e-commerce system Understand about existing Requirement gathering and analysis Understand the web based client server architecture. Study about database modelling and designing, tools that required. Learn about web designing tools and techniques Learn about client server side scripting languages like JavaScript/Ajax Research about system modelling and prototyping tools. Research about check out systems Practical objectives System modelling and prototyping Develop the system physical system Testing and debugging of the system Implantation of the system Installation and maintenance of the system Prepare the required documentation Requirements of this Project User requirements Coming soon System requirements Coming soon Functions of the system [how does the system work?] Coming soon Literature review The literature review is one of the most important parts in this project. In order to do the review the student has done the serach.The purpose of the literature search is to collect information about the technologies; tools, skills, and knowledge that require to develop and implement the system. In addition the student has divided the literature search into two sub to make the search easier; Technological aspects Collect information about the technological requirements that need to develop the software Ex:, front end development, client/server architecture, data modelling, database management, system security, system modelling and prototyping tools, software development tools and software testing tools etc. Project management aspects Collect information about various project management techniques which can help to develop the software more efficiently. Ex: project planning (WBS), scope management, risk management, cost management, time/staff managements etc. According to the literature search that has been done about those aspects the student has done the review. Software Tools and Techniques that required to this project In this project it has been decided to use following Software tools Techniques to get the output product that meets the requirements. Mark-up Language HTML ,XML,XHTML Scripting Language JAVASCRIPT,PHP Database management Software MYSQL Web Server APACHE server HTTPS Server SSL Certificate Check Out System Google Check Out HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language) HTML is universal mark up language based on SGML, to create web applications. Use to display text and pictures and graphics, to create table, frames and forms. Its enables hyper text linking whereby the text or the pictures automatically reference to other documents. The World Wide Web consortium (W3C) was formed with the charter to define the standards for HTML. The current version of HTML is 4.01. It uses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to define the layout or the appearance that displays by browsers, and it can load scripting language (Ex: Java script) to validate the users entries (W3Shcool).HTML can be edited in notepad or other software like Micro Media Dreamweaver. XHTML is the combination of HTML and XML languages, XML designed to describe the data and HTML to display the data. XHTML is properly nested language which means every open tag must have the close tag. (Chuck.M Bill.K, 2002) Screen short of Sample HTML in Micro Media Dreamweaver JavaScript JavaScript is a popular scripting language, it was designed to add interactivity to html pages, and it is a lightweight language which can be embedded within the html page. Its used to validate the form or create cookies to store in the users computers. It does not need any licence to use JavaScript. JavaScript can be used internally and externally which means JavaScript can be use in client side with HTML and in server side with PHP. (JavaScript Kit 1997-2008) Ajax PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor) PHP is a simple scripting language to create HTML contents.PHP is the language like ASP, PHP runs on all most every operating system.PHP scripts are executed on the servers including APACHE, IIS. Its support many databases such as MSQL, oracle, solid, ECT.PHP can be used in three ways as a server side scripting, command line scripting and to create client side GUI applications.( Rasmus.L and Kevin.T,2002) MYSQL MYSQL is relational database management systems (RDMBS) initially released on 23rd may 1995,that can be use to create reads and manipulate data, its popular database management software that can work on all the major operating systems, and its available for free. Apache APPACHE is a HTTP secured web server that is developed by the apache group, its on the internet since April 1996.current version of APPACHE is 2.3.6, its open source, available for free. (APPACHE.org) SSL certificate [Secured Socket Layer] The Secured Socket Layer protocol was introduced by Netscape to ensure the secure transaction between client and server, the protocol uses third party certificate authority to identify one or both end of transactions. It works on Application Layer. Its use HTTPS protocol with the SSL/TLS to provide encryption and secured identification of the server to ensure the security on World Wide Web. Check out The Client and servers the rdbms Why Database? Project management issues Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge, skills ,tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.(Schwalbe.K, 2007) In this part the student consider about the project management aspect such as scope, time and cost which is called as triple constraint in project management to create successful project. Scope management Project planning (work break down structure) TASK TASK DESCRIPTION DURATION DEPENDENCIES Milestones T1 T2 Inception Feasibility study of the proposed system. Study about e-commerce System requirement gathering and Analysis. System requirements Functional requirements Non-functional requirements 28 days 12 days T1 M1 T3 T4 Elaboration. Logical design of theSystem. Activity diagram Use case diagram Class diagram Sequence diagram Collaboration diagram Design of GUI Meet the clients and discuss the proposed system and make any necessary adjustments 14 days 3 days T2 T2, T3 M2 T5 T6 Construction Physical design of the System. Divide the system in to subsections and assign software developers to code according to the outcomes of the use case and class diagrams. System Testing unit system testing Sub system testing System testing 30 days 20 days T3,T4 T5 M3 M4 T7 Transition Deliver the system. Installation of security and backup systems Install the system and allow it to run under supervision Provide training to the users and make improvements. 14 days T6 M5 T8 Documentation Finalise documentation and commissioning of the system 14 days T6, T7 M6 Requirements analysis Time management Gantt chart Risk Management Cost Management Quality management Human resource management Logical design of the system As this is the web-based system, the logical design is going to be on the front end which is interact by the user, in this case the website its self is going to be the front end of the system and the logical design of the database which is the most challenging part of the project. These are the two major thing thats need to design logically before its start the actual designing. The number of different techniques can be used to create data modelling, but in this project the entity relationship model going to be used. (KROENKE and AUER) UML diagram Use case diagram Class diagrams Entity Relationship diagram Site map Physical design of the system front end of the system appendix A php coding [user.php] $dbhost = localhost; $dbuser = root; $dbpass = ; $conn=mysql_connect(localhost,root,); //Connecting to the database mysql_select_db(studentportal); //select database called student portal $title=$_POST[title]; //create a sql query $firstname=$_POST[firstname]; $lastname=$_POST[lastname]; $gender=$_POST[gender]; $date=$_POST[date]; $email=$_POST[email]; $country=$_POST[country]; $username=$_POST[username]; $password=$_POST[password]; $cpassword=$_POST[cpassword]; $query=INSERT INTO USER VALUES($title,$firstname,$lastname,$gender,$date,$email,$country,$username,$password,$cpassword); mysql_query($query) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_close($conn); echo you are now member of this site congrats!!; ?> window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"de6e6cfad9","applicationID":"221047987","transactionName":"bl0HMhMFDEYCWhJeWlcXMBQISwdGEFgfRBpYShEPAggHGxNRFg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1,"atts":"QhoERFsfH0g=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""} appendix b screen shorts of the system Figure11.1 screen short of index.html Figure 11.2 screen short of registration form

Environmental Degradation Essay

In 1987 The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) released a pioneering report concerning the environmental damage that is going on. Through the report, called â€Å"Our Common Future†, WCED passed a warning that soon the world would be facing intolerable levels of damage to the environment if we are not going to alter our way of living. It would also lead to the humans suffering due to it. The Commission explained that there is a pressing requirement of changing the speed as well as the trend of international economic growth so that it meets the capacity of the world. It said: â€Å"Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. † (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: 8) After thoroughly analysing the situation it can be concluded that the environmental crisis has an impact on each of the nation in the world. However, the extent to which they are affected is different and depends on the way they consume and also their economic expansion. Just 25% of the global population consumes a very high percentage of the world’s fossil fuels and chemical goods; as high as 70% and 85% respectively. This unbalanced consumption also exists in the area of water. In the United States the per capita consumption of water goes as high as 2300m3 annually. In Canada the figure is at 1500m3 while in Britain it reaches up to 225m3. On the other hand, the developing countries have a much lower consumption, of between 20 and 40m3. The trends of usage for the forest goods plus several of the other goods comprise of a similar direct proportion to the figure of population of the 20% of the wealthiest communities. Due to such extravagant demands, a great burden is being placed on the national as well as the world’s natural resources. The other societies make up to about 80% of the population, and get less than 20% of the world capital. The consumption of these societies is much more humble. Environmental Challenge Presently, there is not enough attention, at least not in the degree that is required, being paid to the social concerns. Scientists are pointing out to the troubles that we are facing and which would make our survival difficult later on. Such troubles include warming globe, the earth’s ozone layer being depleted, the deserts consuming agricultural land. However, we are not responding to the warning in the appropriate manner; instead we ask them for further details. Initially it was thought that environmental degradation is primarily the concern of the richer countries and happens due to industrial affluence. However, now it is an issue for the developing countries as well. The very poor countries are caught in the descending coil of associated environmental and economic decline. Although there are hopes being expressed at every side, no pattern can be seen nor any kind of campaigns or rules which would console the poor and decrease the increasing gap between rich and poor countries. For the purpose of â€Å"development† we have collected weapons which can divert routes, which had been pursued since millions of years, and can form such a planet that our ancestors may not identify as being theirs. The biodiversity in the European continent is rapidly going down. Although Europe can be termed as wealthy and strong it does not seem that it has the practical ways for avoiding the decline. Birdlife International (Conservative Series 3) conducted a study and the results showed that 40% of the bird species are in an â€Å"unfavourable situation†. Since the past two decades the there has been a â€Å"substantial reduction† in one in four of Europe’s 514 bird species. It is ironic that such occurrences took place in the same years when there were the most conservative efforts made. A re-strengthening of the European legislation has taken place, there are now more nature reserves and parks, and certain species which had disappeared in the area have been reintroduced. Concerning this issue, in 2003 the European Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin said: â€Å"The time has come for coordinated European action to turn the tide on environmental threats†¦ For too long, we have exploited the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas, without considering the eventual consequences of our actions. We must invest in integrated programmes of research to deliver sustainable development solutions and long-term environmental protection for the benefit of our future generations. † (Europa, 2003). In 2008, the European Commissioner for Environment Stavros Dimas publically addressed the audience at Harvard University and talked over this issue. Dimas related what the European Union’s â€Å"ambitious environmental agenda† is. This included targeting 20% decline in the consumption of energy by the year 2020. This was, internationally, the first plus the greatest emissions trading plan. According to Dimas the agenda also targeted at using more and more of sustainable and renewable resources. Along with this Dimas emphasized that it is vital for there to be global collaboration on matters like climate change, biodiversity loss, and deforestation. The western world takes Eastern Europe as the place where there are smog and toxic spills. The priority of the communist regimes had been to intensify industrialization. Even though certain environmental rules exist in many areas and they were similar to those in the Western Europe, these were hardly ever implemented. Polluted rivers, toxic waste dumps, and the terrains and cities being blackened by soot was the consequence. The environmental standards of the European Union are harsh and these have been pushing these nations for the cleaning up of their ecological destruction regions. 15 years of leniency has been given to the states that have recently joined the union. However, this leniency is only for those regions where much investment is required, for example the building of water purification schemes. Several of the areas are already showing the signs of the clean-up attempts. For instance, there is the Black Triangle in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. This area was once of the most polluted regions globally. It supplied energy to the heating and heavy industries through the power plants which worked on coal. Due to this whole forests were destroyed. However, by 2000 there had been such a significant change due to the efforts that emissions of sulphur dioxide and solid particles were lessened by greater than 90% (Habeck, 2004). Other Challenges At the time when the terms of reference of the Commission were is discussion in 1982, some of the individuals proposed limiting the concerns to only â€Å"environmental matters†. This would not have been feasible. In fact it would be considered a major fault. The environment is not separate from our actions, determinations and requirements, and efforts to save only that and not look at other concerns would make the word â€Å"environment† a nuance of gullibility in certain political spheres. Certain others have restricted the term â€Å"development† to quite an inadequate centre, along the lines of â€Å"what poor countries should do to become richer†. Therefore, those in the global scene mechanically dismiss it as being something that the experts are to worry about, and the ones concerned with queries regarding â€Å"development assistance†. European expansion (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2006) has formed a new â€Å"rural† Europe. Certain of the rural areas of Central plus the Eastern Europe are being structurally transformed (Fraser, 2005). Simultaneously, in Europe and the member nations social services are being subjected to modernisation and improvement (Kumar et al. , 2003). The researchers who are on the lookout for the construction of a dependable rural evidence base are facing confronts. They wish this to inform policy decisions and practice (European Commission [EC], 2006a; OECD, 2006). One of the challenges that they face happens to be the speed of transformation and the requirement for latest research (Commission for Rural Communities [CRC] 2006a). One more is the problem that they face to arrive at a mutual explanation of each of the two rural regions plus the social services so as to conduct a relative research in the European continent which is quite a varied region. Europe is also facing challenges in the area of labour. When the Europeans lose jobs they get upset. This may happen because of inside rivalry in the European Union or because of the international competition that they face from other continents like Asia, and also from Latin America and the United States. In those regions the European carmakers have initiated their plants. The private sector has not been forming any significant number of new jobs since as early as the 1970s, and about 20 million Europeans are not employed of which several may not be ever. Recently there was a survey held in Italy and the results showed that 38% of the participants though unemployment to be the most urgent challenge. This view was held by 58% of the respondents in France, whereas in Germany the figure was as high as 81%. The big nations that are at the centre of the euro region are languishing in the economic area but still they do not seem capable of coming to grips with the opening transformations which are required in such a planet of globalisation, spirited labour markets, and the portable capital pressures of our economies. In the situation when a European loses his job because of his firm setting up in India instead, it is probable that he would not get another job. Plus due to the reducing demographic base the liberal pension systems are being threatened. Several of the European nations are going down and are not being able to sustain their people. For example, by 2050 the population of the Italian nation would go down, from a 57 million to 45 million. By the same time greater than half of the population in Germany would be above 55 years of age. Europe requires that immigration takes place. But this happens to be a contentious means of raising the workforce, since there is a prevalent dread of a rising Muslim population. What is more important? The â€Å"environment† is the place where we live and for improving ourselves in the environment there has to be â€Å"development† taking place. That is to say that the two are indivisible. Additionally, the matters related to development should be perceived by the political chiefs as being important, as they think that their nations have achieved stability and the other countries should struggle at attaining that position. The routes that the industrialized countries take for the purpose of development are obviously indefensible. The decisions that such nations make for improvement, due to their large economic plus political authority, would greatly affect the capability of each person for the sustenance of human growth. This would not be just for them but also for the further generations ahead. Several of the important survival matters concern unbalanced expansion, poverty and population growth. All of these issues extraordinarily pressurize the world’s lands, waters, green areas, plus also other natural resources, not least in the developing nations. Chances and resources are wasted through the downward spiral of paucity and ecological deterioration. Especially it is wasting the human resources. Such associations between paucity, inequity, and ecological deterioration created a significant matter in the assessment and recommendations. There is a requirement of a new period of economic expansion. This expansion has to be powerful but also socially and environmentally sustainable. â€Å"The search for a demanding dynamic balance between economic prosperity, environmental responsibility and social safety is certainly the essential civilizational, and consequently also political, task of the first half of the 21st century† (Plut, 2000: 149). The geopolitical part and situation of Europe had been altered drastically since the past some decades. Being the backing for the European continent, the EU reacted in two methods to the market-, technology- and information-related confrontations of globalisation and the macro regional rivalry with the United States and Japan: with development and nearer interrelation. Nevertheless, the fact that whether the nonexistence of a wide-spread domestic marketplace had been the chief cause of a low level of rivalry of the international firms in the European continent is arguable. In the 1990s an even European Union market had been set up and this allowed for a more essential development of a shared policy also regarding the environment, transport, and communication network. In several ways the expansion of environment rules can possibly be recognized with a past of democratization of the European Union. The EU nations accepted the Amsterdam Treaty in the June of 1997 and its environment related content was influenced a lot due to the deepened political pressures plus also good structured agendas of non-governmental environmental groups and green political parties. Because of the several past environmental pressures in the AC10, the procedure of their modification to the environmental legislation of the EU15 may seem to be extremely challenging, enduring, and due to their reduced item quality and social disaster, in all probability also politically conflictnous. For the purpose of the incorporation into the European Union and also for the modification of the ecological legislation there would be a requirement of capital and this may turn out to be a great burden. The EU15 and the AC10 nations have similar environmental objectives. However, their initial situations, the time, and the means of change are far from identical. AC10 faced economic and social disasters in the beginning of transition and because of this there is no worry for the environment among them both; the people and the government. In 2000, the AC10 had just started developing environmental action programmes and also incorporating the European Union environmental principles into their legislations. Before the EU environmental policy and rules can be adopted completely, there is an anticipation of a longer modification era. There is an anticipation of this era especially in the area of transport, energy sector and agriculture (European Environment Agency, 1999). There are fears of AC10 repeating the mistakes, that the EU nations committed in the 1970s, in the probable era of heavy economic expansion between the years 2000 and 2010 (2015) (Plut, 2000). Conclusion Because of the deterioration of the environment the public health is being affected drastically and it is also leading to social inequity. For the meantime, the economically strong countries who are the causing it escape efficient management by the public. Under the new-liberal stick, environmental, communal and autonomous matters have previously not appeared to be so nearly connected. The effects happening due to the destruction of the environment have affected the developed nations along with the third world nations lately. Such effects have been in, for instance, the health. According to recent studies, hundreds of deaths taking place annually in the major European cities are due to the air pollution which happens because of the too much vehicle traffic. Several others have to undergo chronic asthma, this too for the same reason. Similarly, a large number the young people are suffering from leukaemia. These are the ones who live near waste recycling and storage centre near the Hague, Holland. Industrial pollution is also affecting the babies and infants and they are going to endure it throughout their lives, not only medically but also socially. Water resources are going down, so much so that there is a danger of scarcity. Whatever amount still is there has a poor quality. This is resulting in high prices of water and because of this an increasing number of people cannot get the municipal water supply since they cannot afford to pay the charges. Certain extremely poor Europeans even have to make use of mineral water due to the fact that they are not getting water in their taps. Such kinds of situations should provoke an environmental sense to be at the centre of attention. Concerning biodiversity, the environmental requirements of Europe, just like in other regions, challenge the fundamental judgement regarding the market system that is governed by great, private welfare. It has been frequently thought that environmental requirements are a mere â€Å"luxury†, or at the minimum not the most important issue to be worried about, in front the prevalent social crisis. Nevertheless, suggestions of environmental catastrophe are very well felt in the north and the south and they are reaching an increasing scope of views of our situations of life. Environmental matters have to be handled today, and not simply left for later years. This fact should have been taken into consideration previously; it should be considered even more now. References Anon. (2003). Turning the tide on environmental degradation: the EU examines ways to reverse damage in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Europa, [Online] 28 May 2003. Available at: http://europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do? reference=IP/03/769&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en [Accessed 9 May 2009]. Commission for Rural Communities (CRC). (2006a). Rural Disadvantage – Reviewing the Evidence. Cheltenham: Commission for Rural Communities. European Environment Agency. (1999). Environment in the European Union at the Turn of the Century. Copenhagen: EEA. European Commission. (2006a). Rural Development in the European Union – Statistical and Economic information – Report 2006. [Online] September 2006. Available at: http://ec. europa. eu/agriculture/agrista/rurdev2006/RD_Report_2006. pdf [Accessed 9 May 2009].

Effects of Overpopulation in China Essay

This literature review discusses the impacts of overpopulation on the environment in China through four main studies. Each study directed its research on one consequence: the water issue and the aquatic ecosystem, the overexploitation of land and resources as well as the extinction of green land, climate change, GHG emission and desertification of land1. Several methods and sources were used such as Pressure–State–Response (PSR), urban-rural population model or other research papers written previously2. The results of these studies clearly show that the overpopulation has multiple negative impacts on the Chinese environment and that strategies and policies regarding these issues should be established. The population of China is growing exponentially and it is a serious issue because of its impact on the environment. The water deficiency is growing and as it is presented, the expectations of the Chinese people exceed the capacity of the land3. Since the population of China is increasing fast, the urbanization of land and the agricultural development increase at the same rhythm4. As it is presented, human activity and human density are the main explanation for climate change5. According to Shijie Wang’s study, the southwest of China is experiencing a desertification, in other words the land becomes like a desert left with no resources6. Each article presents a different way of conducting its research to prove its point. In Qian Hong et al. research, the methods used to pursue the study are Pressure–State–Response (PSR), the landscape ecology method and Remote Sensing – Global Positioning System (RS-GPS) 7. According to the authors, there are three types of indicators: Pressure indicators, State indicators and Response indicators7. The indicators either presented a high or a low number. If the number is high, it means that the region suffered from important water degradation; if the number is low, it means the opposite7. The analysis of the research is made through a process called Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) that has four specific indicators7. Jianfa Shen’s study uses urban-rural population model to do predictions about the density of the population and is also represented as spatial demographic-economic model 8, whereas Shijie Wang conducted its research by investigating the studied region and by using indicators such as aerial photos and satellite images. He then compares and analyses the results with previous images and researches from the land 9. The only piece of work that did not use any kind of Research method was written by Hung Ming-Te et al. who preferred to write the paper in reference to researches and studies made and scientific predictions 10. One of the most important consequences of overpopulation is the expanding deficiency in water resources. Investigators processed in six districts of China which are part of one region (Jinan) that was recognized for its important source of water, aquatic ecosystem and surface. Due to industrial development and human actions the water condition became polluted and rarer 11. Researchers found that water deficiency and erosion, rainy climate, poor land vegetation, climate change, loss and decrease of agricultural production, which all lead to desertification of land, are all consequences of the activities of the overpopulation 12. Ming-Te et al.’s study presented that the GHG level increased rapidly and the national security is at risk. GHG growing production would also make the lack of water and air pollution worse than it actually is; also they stated that climate change, in addition to being caused by overpopulation, is influenced by poor sustainable development, poor resources management and over-use of energy. This study shows that such changes have impact such as poor water resource and low agricultural production. These consequences engender other concerns such as the lack of food, the decrease in water resources and the desertification of land 13. The conclusions are clear regarding this area, the exceeding use of natural resources is a threat for the environment’s protection and conservation 14. Hong et al. are from the same opinion when they wrote that water condition is getting worse and it affects China’s population’s lifestyle as well as the aquatic ecosystem 15. 10 Hung Ming-Te et al., 363-366 11 Qian Hong et al., 321 12 Shijie Wang et al., 127-129 13 Hung Ming-Te et al., 363-364 14 Jianfa Shen, 39 15 Qian Hong et al., 319 In the field of environment, every single factor is closely related to another one. Each of the four studies shows how the desertification of land, the migration, the exceeding use of resources and the poverty of population are linked. In Wang et al.’s research, poverty is shown to be one of the most devastating causes of desertification because farmers, in order to survive and feed their families, have to increase the production of grains. The overexploitation of the land then leads the land to become rocky 16. According to Shen’s study, agriculture is over-used and China has to import grains to meet the population’s needs 17. The deterioration of the environment and the growth of the land desertification are strongly correlated with the increasing population of this region as well as their activities 18. In reference to Wang et al., Shen and Ming-Te et al.’s studies, since the land is experiencing a phenomenon of desertification because of the exceeding use of agriculture and the high density of population in rural zones, populations are migrating to cities that have already exceeded their capacity in supporting people19. Basically, what Shen is trying to explain is that the construction of urban areas and the overexploitation of lands lead to a decreasing number of green land which causes the environment to deteriorate, because the more people there is, the more resources needed 20. The biggest problem China is facing is the lack of policing and measures adopted regarding the protection of the environment. According to Ming-Te et al., 16 Shijie Wang et al., 131 17 Jianfa Shen, 36 18 Shijie Wang et al., 124 19 Shijie Wang et al., 124-131; Jianfa Shen, 36-39; Hung Ming-Te et al., 363-364 20 Jianfa Shen, 35-36 China’s way of ‘fighting’ against climate change is to invest in the development of sustainable technologies as well as establishing measures and policies regarding the environment 21. Qian Hong et al. specified that the conservation and the protection of water are essential to the survival of the land and aquatic ecosystem 22. The researchers from the two other articles did not write about the policies that should be established to preserve the environment. Studies show that the impacts of overpopulation are multiple and they do affect the ecosystem in China. Shijie Wang et al.’s study proved that the land is overloaded with population growth and has met its capacity. This forced farmers to deforest the land of the Liupanshui district in order for them to increase agricultural production. Also, even though the environment is favorable in this region for such phenomenon to happen, restricted natural resources, overpopulation activities, rapid population growth and social instability make the process happen faster. The consequence of overpopulation’s production of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere exceeds the national average for smelting sulfur by over 13.8 times in some regions such as Bijie and Zunyi which causes air pollution and desertification of land 23. The results of the study conducted in the region of Jinan by Qian Hong et al. clearly showed that this region has the best water condition because of its good conservation of environment, poor population density and important vegetation 24. Hung Ming-Te et al. proved that overpopulation, causing in many ways the change in climate would increase the frequency and strength of natural weather disasters 25. Jianfa Shen suggested that the exceeding use of natural resources due to the increasing density of population is a threat for the environment’s protection and conservation and that people’s lifestyle influences the environment negatively 26.   Bibliography Shen, J. â€Å"China’s Future Population and Development Challenges†. The Geographical Journal 164 no. 1 (1998): 32-40 Hung, M., et al. â€Å"China’s Response to Climate Change: A Policy Analysis.† Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 3 no. 2 (2011): 362-375. Wang, S., et al. â€Å"Mechanism of Rocky Desertification in the Karst Mountain Areas of Guizhou Province, Southwest China.† International Review For Environmental Strategies 3 no. 1 (2002): 123-135 Hong, Q., et al. â€Å"Regional aquatic ecological security assessment in Jinan, China†. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13 no. 3 (2010): 319-327

Cuban Relations Essay - 4043 Words

Cuban Relations In the year 1959 a politician named Fidel Castro led a revolution against the Cuban government under Fulgencio Batista. Castro used his influence to persuade the Cuban people to fight for him in the revolution against Batista’s government. With the people on his side, Castro successfully overthrew the Cuban government and was eventually elected President. These people believed in Castro, and that he would make Cuba a better place to live and work in. Once Fidel Castro had control, he named himself dictator for life and made Cuba a socialist nation who openly embraced communism. Cuba became the only communist nation in the Eastern Hemisphere. As a result of this new socialist regime many Cubans fled to the United†¦show more content†¦Timeline of The Embargo on Cuba 1961 The Bay of Pigs Invasion 1962 The Missiles of October Crisis 1963 February 8. The Kennedy administration prohibits travel to Cuba and makes financial and commercial transactions with Cuba illegal for U.S. Citizens. 1964 July 26. The Organization of American States (OAS) adopts mandatory sanctions against Cuba, requiring all members to sever diplomatic and trade relations. Only Mexico refuses to comply. 1975 July 28. The Organization of American States (OAS) votes to end political and economic sanctions against Cuba. This opens the way for each member nation to determine for itself if wants to have diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba, which many had already begun to establish. August 21. The U.S. announces that it will allow foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies to sell products in Cuba, and that it would no longer penalize other nations for trade with Cuba. 1977 March 19. U.S. President Carter drops the ban on travel to Cuba and on U.S. citizens spending dollars in Cuba. 1979 January 1. Cuban-Americans are permitted to visit their families in Cuba. 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